Clasificaciones generacionales en las sociedades: una revisión de alcance
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La clasificación generacional es una herramienta para comprender las dinámicas sociales y organizacionales. Sin embargo, la aplicación universal del modelo norteamericano ha sido criticada, lo que hace necesario examinar las clasificaciones propuestas en distintas sociedades. En este contexto, este artículo tiene como objetivo mapear las características de las clasificaciones generacionales en sociedades alrededor del mundo mediante una revisión de alcance. Se buscaron artículos publicados en revistas revisadas por pares en las fuentes de información Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO; tesis y disertaciones en ProQuest y CAPES; y referencias bibliográficas de los estudios preseleccionados. El diseño metodológico siguió el manual del JBI y las listas de verificación PRISMA (PRISMA-P y PRISMA-ScR). La aplicación de los criterios de elegibilidad en un proceso a doble ciego de dos etapas identificó 19 clasificaciones generacionales. Los resultados mostraron la ausencia de un marco consolidado único para clasificar las generaciones. Un análisis exhaustivo de las clasificaciones permitió identificar seis dimensiones esenciales: política, económica, social, tecnológica, cultural y ambiental. A partir de la noción de integración sistemática de estas dimensiones, esta revisión de alcance propone un modelo estructural-dinámico multidimensional para clasificar las generaciones.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Cadernos EBAPE.BR se compromete a contribuir con la protección de los derechos intelectuales del autor. En ese sentido:
- Adopta la licencia Creative Commoms BY (CC-BY) en todos los textos que publica, excepto cuando hay una indicación de titulares específicos de derechos de autor y derechos de propiedad;
- Adopta software de verificación de similitud de contenido - Plagio (Crossref Similarity Check);
- Adopta acciones para combatir el plagio y la mala conducta ética, alineado con las directrices del Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Más detalles del Código de Ética adoptado por Cadernos EBAPE.BR pueden ser vistos en Normas éticas y Código de conducta.
Citas
Aboim, S., & Vasconcelos, P. (2014). From political to social generations: A critical reappraisal of Mannheim’s classical approach. European Journal of Social Theory, 17(2), 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431013509681
Akhavan Sarraf, A. R., Abzari, M., Isfahani, A. N., & Fathi, S. (2016). The impact of generational groups on organizational behavior in Iran. Human Systems Management, 35(3), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-160866
Aromataris, E., Lockwood, C., Porritt, K., Pilla, B., & Jordan, Z. (Eds.). (2024). JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI. https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-01
Baran, M., & Sypniewska, B. (2024). Determinants of pro-environmental innovative behaviour: A comparison of three generations. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(4), 100613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100613
Bartels, L., & Jackman, S. A. (2014). Generational model of political learning. Electoral Studies, 33, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.06.004
Bell, A. (2020). Age-period-cohort analysis: A review of what we should and shouldn’t do. Annals of Human Biology, 47(2), 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2019.1707872
Benítez-Márquez, M. D., Sánchez-Teba, E. M., Bermúdez-González, G., & Núñez-Rydman, E. S. (2022). Generation Z within the workforce and in the workplace: A bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 736820. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736820
Cambridge University Press. (s.d.). Classification. In Cambridge dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/thesaurus/classification
Center for Evidence-Based Management. (2014a). Critical Appraisal Checklist for a Qualitative Study. https://cebma.org/assets/Uploads/Critical-Appraisal-Questions-for-a-Qualitative-Study-July-2014-1-v3.pdf
Center for Evidence-Based Management. (2014b). Critical Appraisal Checklist For Cross-Sectional Study. https://cebma.org/assets/Uploads/Critical-Appraisal-Questions-for-a-Cross-Sectional-Study-July-2014-1-v2.pdf
Costa Júnior, F. M., & Couto, M. T. (2015). Geração e categorias geracionais nas pesquisas sobre saúde e gênero no Brasil. Saúde e Sociedade, 24(4), 1299-1315. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902015140408
Costanza, D. P., Badger, J. M., Fraser, R. L., Severt, J. B., & Gade, P. A. (2012). Generational differences in work-related attitudes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(4), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-012-9259-4
Costanza, D. P., Darrow, J. B., Yost, A. B., & Severt, J. B. (2017). A review of analytical methods used to study generational differences: Strengths and limitations. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wax002
Costanza, D. P., Ravid, D. M., & Slaughter, A. J. (2021). A distributional approach to understanding generational differences: What do you mean they vary? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 127, 103585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103585
Costanza, D. P., Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2023). Are generations a useful concept? Acta Psychologica, 241, 104059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104059
Cox, A., Hannif, Z., & Rowley, C. (2014). Leadership styles and generational effects: Examples of US companies in Vietnam. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.778311
De Run, E. C., & Ting, H. (2013). Generational cohorts and their attitudes toward advertising. Market-Tržište, 25(2), 143–160. https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/165315
DeCS – Descritores em Ciências da Saúde. (s.d.). Generation. Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). https://decs.bvsalud.org/ths/?filter=ths_termall&q=generation&pg=1
Dimock, M. (2019, January 17). Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/
Down, I., & Wilson, C. J. (2013). A rising generation of Europeans? Life-cycle and cohort effects on support for Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 52(4), 431–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12001
Duh, H., & Struwig, M. (2015). Justification of generational cohort segmentation in South Africa. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 10(1), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2012-0078
Egri, C. P., & Ralston, D. A. (2004). Generation cohorts and personal values: A comparison of China and the United States. Organization Science, 15(2), 133-257. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1030.0048
Embase. (s.d.). Cohort effect. Elsevier. https://www.embase.com/emtree?id=23186&term=cohort+effect
Escalonilla, M., Cueto, B., & Pérez-Villadóniga, M. J. (2022). Is the Millennial Generation Left Behind? Inter-Cohort Labour Income Inequality in a Context of Economic Shock. Social Indicators Research, 164, 285–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-02958-x
Fannon, Z., & Nielsen, B. (2019). Age-period-cohort models. In A. Banerjee (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of economics and finance. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.495
Fernández-Durán, J. J. (2015). Defining generational cohorts for marketing in Mexico. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 435-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.049
Fitzenberger, B., Mena, G., Nimczik, J., & Sunde, U. (2022). Personality traits across the life cycle: Disentangling age, period and cohort effects. The Economic Journal, 132(646), 2141–2172. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueab093
Fosse, E., & Winship, C. (2019). Analyzing age-period-cohort data: A review and critique. Annual Review of Sociology, 45, 467-492. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022616
Gavreliuc, A. (2012). Continuity and change of values and attitudes in generational cohorts of the post-communist Romania. Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal, 16(2), 191-212. https://www.academia.edu/download/77711047/gavreliuc-2012-cbb-162-191-212.pdf
Grasso, M. T. (2014). Age, period and cohort analysis in a comparative context: Political generations and political participation repertoires in Western Europe. Electoral Studies, 33, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.06.003
Grasso, M. T., Farrall, S., Gray, E., Hay, C., & Jennings, W. (2019). Socialization and generational political trajectories: An age, period and cohort analysis of political participation in Britain. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 29(2), 199-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2018.1476359
Harari, T. T., Sela, Y., & Bareket-Bojmel, L. (2023). Gen Z during the COVID-19 crisis: a comparative analysis of the differences between Gen Z and Gen X in resilience, values and attitudes. Current psychology, 42, 24223-24232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03501-4
Hung, K. H., Gu, F. F., & Yim, C. K. B. (2007). A social institutional approach to identifying generation cohorts in China with a comparison with American consumers. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(5), 836–853. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400288
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton University Press.
Joshi, A., Dencker, J. C., Franz, G., & Martocchio, J. J. (2010). Unpacking generational identities in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 35(3), 392–414. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.3.zok392
Luo, L., & Hodges, J. S. (2020). The Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction Model for Describing and Investigating Inter-cohort Deviations and Intra-cohort Life-course Dynamics. Sociological Methods & Research, 51(3), 1164-1210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124119882451
Mannheim, K. (1952). The problem of generations. In P. Kecskemeti (Ed.), Essays on the sociology of knowledge (pp. 276–322). Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Martínez-Estrella, E.-C., Samacá-Salamanca, E., García-Rivero, A., & Cifuentes-Ambra, C. (2023). Generation Z in Chile, Colombia, México, and Panama: Interests and new digital consumption habits. Their use of Instagram and TikTok. Profesional de la información, 32(2), e320218. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.mar.18
McCrindle, M., & Fell, A. (2021). Generation Alpha: Understanding Our Children and Helping Them Thrive. Hachette Australia.
McKercher, B. (2023). Age or generation? Understanding behaviour differences. Annals of Tourism Research, 103, 103656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103656
McKercher, B., Lai, B., Yang, L., & Wang, Y. (2020). Travel by Chinese: A generational cohort perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(4), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1709877
Milhome, J. C. (2022). Gerações brasileiras: uma proposta de classificação e identificação dos valores pessoais e no trabalho [Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal da Bahia]. Repositório Institucional da UFBA. https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/37082
Munn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol, 18, 143. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
Munn, Z., Pollock, D., Khalil, H., Alexander, L., McInerney, P., Godfrey, C. M., Peters, M., & Tricco, A. C. (2022). What are scoping reviews? Providing a formal definition of scoping reviews as a type of evidence synthesis. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 20(4), 950-952. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00483
Mustafa, H., Mukhiar, S. N. S., Jamaludin, S. S. S., & Jais, N. M. (2021). Malaysian generational cohorts in the new media era: Historical events and collective memory. Media Asia, 49(3), 235-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2021.2018536
Noble, S. M., & Schewe, C. D. (2003). Cohort segmentation: An exploration of its validity. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 979–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00268-0
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372, n160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
Parker, K. (2023, May 22). How Pew Research Center will report on generations moving forward. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/22/how-pew-research-center-will-report-on-generations-moving-forward/
Parry, E., & Urwin, P. (2011). Generational differences in work values: A review of theory and evidence. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2010.00285.x
Parry, E., & Urwin, P. (2021). Generational categories: A broken basis for human resource management research and practice. Human Resource Management Journal, 31(4), 857-869. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12353
Peretz, H., Fried, Y., & Parry, E. (2022). Generations in context: The development of a new approach using Twitter and a survey. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 95(2), 239-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12376
Peters, M. D. J., Marnie, C., Tricco, A. C., Pollock D., Munn, Z., Alexander, L., McInerney, P., Godfrey, C. M., & Khalil, H. (2020). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(10), 2119-2126. http://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167
Piccerillo, L., Tescione, A., Iannaccone, A., & Digennaro, S. (2025). Alpha generation’s social media use: sociocultural influences and emotional intelligence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 30(1), 2454992. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2025.2454992
Ravid, D. M., Costanza, D. P., & Romero, M. R. (2024). Generational differences at work? A meta-analysis and qualitative investigation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 46(1), 43-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2827
Rudolph, C. W., Costanza, D. P., Wright, C., & Zacher, H. (2019). Cross-temporal meta-analysis: A conceptual and empirical critique. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35, 733–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09659-2
Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., Costanza, D. P., & Zacher, H. (2021). Generations and generational differences: Debunking myths in organizational science and practice and paving new paths forward. Journal of Business and Psychology, 36(6), 945–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-020-09715-2
Ryder, N.B. (1985). The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change. In: W. M. Mason & S. E. Fienberg (Eds.), Cohort analysis in social research (pp. 9–44). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8536-3_2
Schewe, C. D., & Meredith, G. E. (2004). Segmenting global markets by generational cohorts: Determining motivations by age. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 4(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.157
Schröder, M. (2024). Work motivation is not generational but depends on age and period. Journal of Business and Psychology, 39, 897–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-023-09921-8
Schuman, H., & Scott, J. (1989). Generations and collective memories. American Sociological Review, 54(3), 359-381. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095611
Shaikh, A. A., Jamal, W. N., & Iqbal, S. M. J. (2021). The context-specific categorization of generations: An exploratory study based on the collective memories of the active workforce of Pakistan. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(3), e264. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2641
Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. British Medical Journal, 349, g7647. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7647
Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584–2069. William Morrow.
Tang, N., Wang, Y., & Zhang, K. (2017). Values of Chinese generation cohorts: Do they matter in the workplace? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 143, 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.07.007
Tang, N., Zhen, D., & Guan, J. (2024). Generational changes in Chinese employees' work values. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(7), 876–894. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00876
Ting, H., Lim, T.-Y., de Run, E. C., Koh, H., & Sahdan, M. (2017). Are we Baby Boomers, Gen X and Gen Y? A qualitative inquiry into generation cohorts in Malaysia. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(1), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.06.004
Tomizaki, K., & Silva, M. G. V. (2021). Dinâmica geracional, posições sociais e comportamento político. Educação & Sociedade, 42. https://doi.org/10.1590/ES.242003_PT
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., & Hempel, S. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Tung, L. C., & Comeau, J. D. (2014). Demographic transformation in defining Malaysian generations: The seekers (Pencari), the builders (Pembina), the developers (Pemaju), and generation Z (Generasi Z). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(4), 383–403. https://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i4/809
Twenge, J. M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences in work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9165-6