Construction and validation of a corruption perception scale at the citizen level
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study described the creation and validation of the Corruption Perception Scale (CPS), which assesses how citizens perceive corruption. In a qualitative step, the instrument was evaluated by experts, followed by a pre-test. In the quantitative step, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed, totaling a sample of 1,075 cases. Finally, a methodology for the application of CPS was suggested. The final structure of the measure was composed of five dimensions at the individual level (knowledge, behavior, reflexes, control, and attitude), which position the citizen as the protagonist in the analysis of the phenomenon.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details
Cadernos EBAPE.BR undertakes to contribute to the protection of authors’ intellectual rights. On this matter:
- It uses the Creative Commons BY (CC-BY) license for all texts it publishes, except when there is indication of specific holders of copyrights and property rights;
- It uses the similarity verification software of content - Plagiarism (Crossref Similarity Check);
- It takes actions to fight against plagiarism and ethical misconduct aligned with the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Further information on the Code of Ethics adopted by Cadernos EBAPE.BR can be found in Ethical Standards and Code of Conduct.
References
Abreu, W. M, & Gomes, R. C. (2021, fevereiro). Shackling the Leviathan: balancing state and society powers against corruption. Public Management Review. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.1893802
Agenda 2030. (2014). A integração dos ODS. Recuperado de http://www.agenda2030.org.br/os_ods/
Amundsen, I. (1999). Political corruption: an introduction to the issues. Bergen Norway: Chr. Michelsen Institute. Recuperado de https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/1040-political-coiTuption.pdf
Asian Barometer Survey. (2016). Asian barometer survey of democracy, governance and development. Recuperado de http://www.asianbarometer.org/pdf/core_questionnaire_wave4.pdf
Bagozzi, R. P., Y. I., Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421-458.
Bai, B., Liu, X., & Kou, Y. (2014). Belief in a just world lowers perceived intention of corruption: the mediating role of perceived punishment. PLoS ONE, 9(5), e97075.
Bajpay, R., & Myers, C. B. (2020). Enhancing government effectiveness and transparency: the fight against corruption. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Recuperado de http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/235541600116631094/Enhancing-Government-Effectiveness-and-Transparency-The-Fight-Against-Corruption
Barr, A., & Serra, D. (2010, dezembro). Corruption and culture: An experimental analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 94(11-12), 862-869.
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018, June). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: a primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 1-18.
Bratton, M., & Gyimah-Boadi, E. (2016). Do trustworthy institutions matter for development? Corruption, trust and government performance in Africa. Recuperado de https://media.africaportal.org/documents/ab_r6_dispatchno112_trustworthy_institutions_and_development_in_africa.pdf
Brown, A. J. (2006). What are we trying to measure? Reviewing the basics of corruption definition In A. Shacklock, F. Galtung & C. Sampford (Eds.), Measuring corruption (pp. 57-79). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
Bugarin, M., & Bugarin, T. (2017). Ética & incentivos: devemos recompensar quem denuncia corrupção? Revista Direito GV, 13(2), 390-427.
Cavalcante, R. J. (2018). Legalidade: combate à corrupção e compliance na era digital. Revista Brasileira de Estudos da Função Pública, 7(20). Recuperado de https://dspace.almg.gov.br/handle/11037/31605
Collins, J. D., Uhlenbruck, K., & Rodriguez, P. (2009). Why firms engage in corruption: A top management perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(1), 89-108.
Controladoria Geral da União. (2009). A responsabilidade social das empresas no combate à corrupção. Recuperado de https://www.gov.br/cgu/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/integridade/arquivos/manualrespsocialempresas_baixa.pdf
Corruption Perceptions Index. (2014). The 2014 corruption perceptions index measures the perceived levels of public sector corruption in 175 countries and territories. Recuperado de https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2014/index/bdi
Crawford, A. V. D. B., Levy, R., Lo, W. J., Scott, L., Svetina, D., & Thompson, M. S. (2010). Evaluation of parallel analysis methods for determining the number of factors Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(6), 885-901.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: theory and applications (Vol. 26). London, UK: Sage publications.
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2017). Program FACTOR at 10: origins, development and future directions. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-241.
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2018). Assessing the quality and appropriateness of factor solutions and factor score estimates in exploratory item factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 78(5), 762-780.
Fleiss, J. L. (1971). Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychological bulletin, 76(5), 378-382.
Gorsira, M., Denkers, A., & Huisman, W. (2018). Both sides of the coin: motives for corruption among public officials and business employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 151, 179-194.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis: pearson new international edition. Essex, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
Hilgartner, S., & Bosk, C. (1988). The rise and fall of social problems: a public arenas model. American Journal of Sociology, 94(1), 53-78.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Independent Commission Against Corruption. (2018). Corruption and integrity in the NSW public sector: an assessment of current trends and events. Recuperado de https://apo.org.au/node/208446
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2020). Projeções e estimativas da população do Brasil e das Unidades da Federação. Recuperado de https://www.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/index.html
Kaufmann, D. (2003, março). Rethinking Governance: Empirical Lessons Challenge Orthodoxy. SSRN Eletronic Journal. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.386904
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford publications.
Ko, K., & Samajdar, A. (2010). Evaluation of international corruption indexes: Should we believe them or not? The Social Science Journal, 47(3), 508-540.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (1998). Corruption in comparative perception. In A. K. Jain (Ed.), Economics of corruption (pp. 91-109). London, UK: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174.
Leal, R. G. (2013). Patologias corruptivas nas relações ente Estado, administração pública e sociedade: causas, consequências e tratamentos. Santa Cruz do Sul, SC: EDUNISC.
Lin, M. W., & Yu, C. (2014). Can Corruption Be Measured? Comparing Global Versus Local Perceptions of Corruption in East and Southeast Asia. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 16(2), 140-157.
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2019). Robust Promin: a method for diagonally weighted factor rotation. Liberabit: Revista Peruana De Psicología, 25(1), 99-106.
Malito, D. (2014, fevereiro). Measuring Corruption Indicators and Indices. SSRN Eletronic Journal. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2393335
Manzetti, L., & Wilson, C. J. (2007). Why do corrupt governments maintain public support? Comparative Political Studies, 49(8), 949-970.
Marquette, H., & Peiffer, C. (2018). Grappling with the real politics of systemic corruption: Theoretical debates versus real-world functions. Governance, 31(3), 499-514.
Mcdonalds, R. P. (1999). Test theory: a unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Milner, A. D., & Goodale, M. A. (1995). The visual brain in action. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Mousavi, P., & Pourkiani, M. (2013). Administrative corruption: Ways of tackling the problem. Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2(3), 178-187.
Mungiu-Pippidi, A., &, Dadašov, R. (2016). Measuring control of corruption by a new index of public integrity. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3), 415-438.
Neshkova, M., & Kalesnijaite, V. (2019). Corruption and citizen participation in local government: Evidence from Latin America. Governance, 32(4), 1-17.
Overman, S., Schillemans, T., & Grimmelikhuijsen, S. (2020). A validated measurement for felt relational accountability in the public sector: gauging the account holder’s legitimacy and expertise. Public Management Review, 23(12), 1748-1767.
Pasquali, L. (2009). Instrumentação psicológica: fundamentos e práticas. Porto Alegre, RS: Artmed Editora
Perumal, K. (2021, fevereiro). Corruption measurements: caught between conceptualizing the phenomenon and promoting new governance agenda? Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262920983946
Sadek, M. T. A. (2019). Combate à corrupção: novos tempos. Revista CGU, 11(20), 1276-1283.
Shacklock, A., Sampford, C., & Connors, C. (2006). Introduction. In A. Shacklock, F. Galtung & C. Sampford (Eds.), Measuring corruption (pp. 1-6). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
Školník, M. (2020). The Effects of Corruption on Various Forms of Political Participation in Colombia. Latin American Policy, 11(1), 88-102.
Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological methods, 16(2), 209-220.
Transparency International. (2019). What is corruption? Recuperado de https://www.transparency.org/what-is-corruption
Transparency International. (2020). Corruption Perceptions Index 2020: Full Source Description 2020. Recuperado de https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl
Transparency International. (2021). Índice de Percepção de Corrupção 2020. Recuperado de https://transparenciainternacional.org.br/ipc
Villarino, J. M. B. (2021). Measuring corruption: A critical analysis of the existing datasets and their suitability for diachronic transnational research. Social Indicators Research, 157, 709-747.
Warren, M. (2004). What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy? American Journal of Political Science, 48(2), 328-343.
Weitz-Shapiro, R., & Winters, M. S. (2016). Can Citizens Discern? Information Credibility, Political Sophistication, and the Punishment of Corruption in Brazil. The Journal of Politics, 79(1), 60-74.
World Bank. (1997, setembro). Corruption and Economic Development. In World Bank (Ed.), Helping Countries Combat Corruption: The Role of the World Bank (pp. 8-23). Washington, DC: Autor. Recuperado de http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/corruptn/cor02.htm
Yu, C., Chen, C. M., & Lin, M. W. (2013). Corruption Perception in Taiwan: reflections upon a bottom-up citizen perspective. Journal of Contemporary China, 22(79), 56-76.