The thief of time and social sustainability: Analysis of a procrastination at work model

Main Article Content

Pilar Mosquera
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9480-6774
Maria Eduarda Soares
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1530-8625
Paula Dordio
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4906-8631
Leonor Atayde e Melo
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0022-8112

Abstract

Although research on procrastination at work is scarce, existing studies indicate its negative effects in multiple spheres of personal and professional life, with repercussions on individuals’ well-being and social sustainability. This study proposes a model that aims to clarify the relationships between the antecedents and consequences of procrastination at work. We follow a bi-dimensional
conceptualization of procrastination at work, using the dimensions of soldiering and cyberslacking. The model includes boredom at work as a predictor and work stress and job satisfaction as outcomes. Data from a sample of 287 participants were analyzed with Partial Least Squares, Results show that boredom at work is positively associated with both soldiering and cyberslacking. Results also show that soldiering increases work stress and decreases job satisfaction. Cyberslacking has no significant effects on work stress or job satisfaction. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are further discussed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Article Details

How to Cite
MOSQUERA, P.; SOARES, M. E.; DORDIO, P. .; ATAYDE E MELO, L. . The thief of time and social sustainability: Analysis of a procrastination at work model . RAE - Revista de Administracao de Empresas , [S. l.], v. 62, n. 5, p. e2021–0313, 2022. DOI: 10.1590/S0034-759020220510. Disponível em: https://periodicos.fgv.br/rae/article/view/86184. Acesso em: 28 apr. 2024.
Section
Forum

References

Abid, G., Ahmed, S., Elahi, N. S., & Ilyas, S. (2020). Antecedents and mechanism of employee well-being for social sustainability: A sequential mediation. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 24, 79-89. doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2020.06.011

Andel, S. A., Kessler, S. R., Pindek, S., Kleinman, G., & Spector, P. E. (2019). Is cyberloafing more complex than we originally thought? Cyberloafing as a coping response to workplace aggression exposure. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 124-130. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.013

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. H. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411

Anderson, P., & Pulich, M. (2001). Managing workplace stress in a dynamic environment. The Health Care Manager, 19(3), 1-10. doi: 10.1097/00126450-200119030-00002

Andreou, C., & White, M. (2010) The Thief of Time: Philosophical Essays on Procrastination. New York: Oxford University Press.

Askew, K., Buckner, J. E., Taing, M. U., Ilie, A., Bauer, J. A., & Coovert, M. D. (2014). Explaining cyberloafing: The role of the theory of planned behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 510-519. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.006

Barabanshchikova, V. V., Ivanova, S. A., & Klimova, O. A. (2018). The impact of organizational and personal factors on procrastination in employees of a modern Russian industrial enterprise. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 11(3), 69-85. doi: 10.11621/pir.2018.0305

Bowling, N. A., Eschleman, K. J., & Wang, Q. (2010). A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between job satisfaction and subjective well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 915-934. doi: 10.1348/096317909X478557

Bruin, G. P. de, & Taylor, N. (2005). Development of the sources of work stress inventory. South African Journal of Psychology, 35(4), 748-765. doi: 10.1177/008124630503500408

Çelik, Ç. B., & Odaci, H. (2020). Subjective well-being in university students: What are the impacts of procrastination and attachment styles? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, Ahead-of-print, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/03069885.2020.1803211

Chang, A., & Nguyen, L. T. (2011). The mediating effects of time structure on the relationships between time management behaviour, job satisfaction, and psychological well‐being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 63(4), 187-197. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00008.x

Chu, A. H. C., & Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of “active” procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245-264. doi: 10.3200/SOCP.145.3.245-264

Claessens, B. J. C., Eerde, W. van, Rutte, C. G., & Roe, R. A. (2007). A review of the time management literature. Personnel Review, 36(2), 255-276. doi: 10.1108/00483480710726136

Codina, N., Castillo, I., Pestana, J. V., & Balaguer, I. (2020). Preventing procrastination behaviours: Teaching styles and competence in university students. Sustainability, 12(6), 2448. doi: 10.3390/su12062448

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

Coker, B. L. S. (2013). Workplace internet leisure browsing. Human Performance, 26(2), 114-125. doi: 10.1080/08959285.2013.765878

D’Abate, C. P., & Eddy, E. R. (2007). Engaging in personal business on the job: Extending the presenteeism construct. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18(3), 361-383. doi: 10.1002/hrdq.1209

Davidescu, A. A., Apostu, S.-A., Paul, A., & Casuneanu, I. (2020). Work flexibility, job satisfaction, and job performance among Romanian employees: Implications for sustainable human resource management. Sustainability, 12(15), 6086. doi: 10.3390/su12156086

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

Dewitte, S., & Lens, W. (2000). Procrastinators lack a broad action perspective. European Journal of Personality, 14, 121-140. doi: 10.1002/%28SICI%291099-0984%28200003/04%2914%3A2<121%3A%3AAID-PER368>3.0.CO%3B2-%23

Eddy, E. R., D’Abate, C. P., & Thurston, P. W. (2010). Explaining engagement in personal activities on company time. Personnel Review, 39(5), 639-654. doi: 10.1108/00483481011064181

Eerde, W. Van. (2003). Procrastination at work and time management training. The Journal of Psychology, 137(5), 421-434. doi: 10.1080/00223980309600625

Eerde, W. Van. (2015). Time management and procrastination. In M. Frese & M. D. Mumford (Eds.), The psychology of planning in organizations: Research and applications (pp. 312-333). New York: Routledge.

Eerde, W. Van. (2016). Procrastination and well-being at work. In F. M. Sirois & T. A. Pychyl (Eds.), Procrastination, health, and well-being (pp. 233-253). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.

Elpidorou, A. (2018). The bored mind is a guiding mind: Toward a regulatory theory of boredom. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 17(3), 455-484. doi: 10.1007/s11097-017-9515-1

Fabio, A. Di. (2017). Positive healthy organizations: Promoting well-being, meaningfulness, and sustainability in organizations. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1938. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01938

Farivar, F., & Richardson, J. (2018). Cross-domain online social networking and job/life satisfaction. Academy of Management Global Proceedings. Retrieved from https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amgblproc.surrey.2018.0160.abs

Fisherl, C. D. (1993). Boredom at work: A neglected concept. Human Relations, 46(3), 395-417. doi: 10.1177/001872679304600305

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. doi: 10.2307/3151312

Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331-362. doi: 10.1002/job.322

Game, A. M. (2007). Workplace boredom coping: Health, safety, and HR implications. Personnel Review, 36(5), 701-721. doi: 10.1108/00483480710774007

Garrett, R. K., & Danziger, J. N. (2008). On cyberslacking: Workplace status and personal internet use at work. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 287-292. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0146

Gupta, R., Hershey, D. A., & Gaur, J. (2012). Time perspective and procrastination in the workplace: An empirical investigation. Current Psychology, 31(2), 195-211. doi: 10.1007/s12144-012-9136-3

Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159-170. doi: 10.1037/h0076546

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. doi: 10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. doi: 10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Hart, P. M., Wearing, A. J., & Headey, B. (1995). Police stress and well‐being: Integrating personality, coping and daily work experiences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68(2), 133-156. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00578.x

Heimerl, P., Haid, M., Perkmann, U., & Rabensteiner, M. (2020). Job satisfaction as a driver for sustainable development in the hospitality industry? Evidence from the Alpine region. Sustainability, 12(17), 6754. doi: 10.3390/su12176754

Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos, A., Straub, D. W., ... Calantone, R. J. (2014). Common beliefs and reality about PLS: Comments on Rönkkö and Evermann (2013). Organizational Research Methods, 17(2), 182-209. doi: 10.1177/1094428114526928

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277-319. doi: 10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1989-29399-001

Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5(1), 103-128. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640

Jamal, M. (2005). Burnout among Canadian and Chinese employees: A cross-cultural study. European Management Review, 2(3), 224-230. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.emr.1500038

Khalid, A., Zhang, Q., Wang, W., Ghaffari, A. S., & Pan, F. (2019). The relationship between procrastination, perceived stress, saliva alpha-amylase level and parenting styles in Chinese first year medical students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 489-498. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S207430

Klingsieck, K. B. (2013). Procrastination. European Psychologist. 18(1), 24–34. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000138

Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101

Köse, A. G., & Metin, U. B. (2018). Linking leadership style and workplace procrastination: The role of organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intention. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(3), 245-262. doi: 10.1080/10852352.2018.1470369

Krause, N., & Stryker, S. (1984). Stress and well-being: The buffering role of locus of control beliefs. Social Science & Medicine, 18(9), 783-790. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(84)90105-9

Lavoie, J. A. A., & Pychyl, T. A. (2001). Cyberslacking and the procrastination superhighway: A web-based survey of online procrastination, attitudes, and emotion. Social Science Computer Review, 19(4), 431-444. doi: 10.1177/089443930101900403

Li, Q., Du, H., & Chi, P. (2021). Job stress and well‐being among internal migrant workers in China: A review and meta‐analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 13(3), 537-558. doi: 10.1111/aphw.12266

Lim, V. K. G., & Chen, D. J. Q. (2012). Cyberloafing at the workplace: Gain or drain on work? Behaviour & Information Technology, 31(4), 343-353. doi: 10.1080/01449290903353054

Lim, V. K. G., & Teo, T. S. H. (2005). Prevalence, perceived seriousness, justification and regulation of cyberloafing in Singapore. Information & Management, 42(8), 1081-1093. doi: 10.1016/j.im.2004.12.002

Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1349). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally College Pub. Co.

Loukidou, L., Loan-Clarke, J., & Daniels, K. (2009). Boredom in the workplace: More than monotonous tasks. International Journal of Management Reviews, 11(4), 381-405. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00267.x

Macan, T. H. (1996). Time-management training: Effects on time behaviors, attitudes, and job performance. The Journal of Psychology, 130(3), 229-236. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223980.1996.9915004

Martin, M., Sadlo, G., & Stew, G. (2006). The phenomenon of boredom. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(3), 193-211. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qrp066oa

Meier, A., Reinecke, L., & Meltzer, C. E. (2016). “Facebocrastination”? Predictors of using Facebook for procrastination and its effects on students’ well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 65-76. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.011

Metin, U. B., Peeters, M. C. W., & Taris, T. W. (2018). Correlates of procrastination and performance at work: The role of having “good fit.” Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(3), 228-244. doi: 10.1080/10852352.2018.1470187

Metin, U. B., Taris, T. W., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2016). Measuring procrastination at work and its associated workplace aspects. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 254-263. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.006

Milgram, N., & Tenne, R. (2000). Personality correlates of decisional and task avoidant procrastination. European Journal of Personality, 14(2), 141-156. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0984(200003/04)14:2<141::AID-PER369>3.0.CO;2-V

Mohsin, F. Z., & Ayub, N. (2014). The relationship between procrastination, delay of gratification, and job satisfaction among high school teachers: Procrastination, delay of gratification, and job satisfaction. Japanese Psychological Research, 56(3), 224-234. doi: 10.1111/jpr.12046

Nguyen, B., Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Procrastination’s impact in the workplace and the workplace’s impact on procrastination: Procrastination’s impact. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(4), 388-399. doi: 10.1111/ijsa.12048

O’Neill, J. W., & Davis, K. (2011). Work stress and well-being in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(2), 385-390. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.07.007

O’Neill, T. A., Hambley, L. A., & Bercovich, A. (2014). Prediction of cyberslacking when employees are working away from the office. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 291-298. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.015

Parker, D. F., & DeCotiis, T. A. (1983). Organizational determinants of job stress. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32(2), 160-177. doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(83)90145-9

Paulsen, R. (2013). Non-work at work: Resistance or what? Organization, 22(3), 351-367. doi: 10.1177/1350508413515541

Rajamohan, S., Porock, D., & Chang, Y.-P. (2019). Understanding the relationship between staff and job satisfaction, stress, turnover, and staff outcomes in the person‐centered care nursing home arena. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 51(5), 560-568. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12488

Reijseger, G., Schaufeli, W. B., Peeters, M. C. W., Taris, T. W., Beek, I. van, & Ouweneel, E. (2012). Watching the paint dry at work: Psychometric examination of the Dutch Boredom Scale. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 26(5), 508-525. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10615806.2012.720676

Reinecke, L. (2009). Games and recovery: The use of video and computer games to recuperate from stress and strain. Journal of Media Psychology, 21(3), 126-142. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105.21.3.126

Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. SmartPLS GmbH. Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com

Rothmann, S. (2008). Job satisfaction, occupational stress, burnout and work engagement as components of work-related wellbeing. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 34(3), 11-16. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2071-07632008000300002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: Guilford Publications

Sadick, A.-M., & Kamardeen, I. (2020). Enhancing employees’ performance and well-being with nature exposure embedded office workplace design. Journal of Building Engineering, 32, (article 101789), 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101789

Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Smith, D., Reams, R., & Hair, J. F. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(1), 105-115. doi: 10.1016/j.jfbs.2014.01.002

Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2014). Burnout, boredom and engagement in the workplace. In M. Peeters, J. De Jonge, & T. Taris (Eds.), An introduction to contemporary work psychology (pp. 293-320). Hoboken:Wiley Blackwell.

Schlett, C., & Ziegler, R. (2014). Job emotions and job cognitions as determinants of job satisfaction: The moderating role of individual differences in need for affect. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.11.005

Schraw, G., Wadkins, T., & Olafson, L. (2007). Doing the things we do: A grounded theory of academic procrastination. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 12-25. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.12

Shin, J., & Grant, A. M. (2020). When putting work off pays off: The curvilinear relationship between procrastination and creativity. Academy of Management Journal (Advanced online publication). doi: 10.5465/amj.2018.1471

Sirois, F. M. (2014). Procrastination and stress: Exploring the role of self-compassion. Self and Identity, 13(2), 128-145. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2013.763404

Skowronski, M., & Mirowska, A. (2013). A manager’s guide to workplace procrastination. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 78(3), 4-9. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1465064146?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true

Slemp, G. R., Kern, M. L., Patrick, K. J., & Ryan, R. M. (2018). Leader autonomy support in the workplace: A meta-analytic review. Motivation and Emotion, 42(5), 706-724. doi: 10.1007/s11031-018-9698-y

Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016). Academic procrastination: Psychological antecedents revisited. Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 36-46. doi: 10.1111/ap.12173

Steffy, B. D., Jones, J. W., & Noe, A. W. (1990). The impact of health habits and life-style on the stressor-strain relationship: An evaluation of three industries. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(3), 217-229. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00523.x

Strenitzerová, M., & Achimský, K. (2019). Employee satisfaction and loyalty as a part of sustainable human resource management in postal sector. Sustainability, 11(17), 4591. doi: 10.3390/su11174591

Thatcher, A., Wretschko, G., & Fridjhon, P. (2008). Online flow experiences, problematic Internet use and Internet procrastination. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 2236-2254. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2007.10.008

Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it! Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 53-67. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.53

Tu, X., & Chang, Y. (2010). An empirical study on the determinants of cyberloafing: Data analysis based on individual factors. 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment, 1-4. doi: 10.1109/ICEEE.2010.5660800

Vitak, J., Crouse, J., & LaRose, R. (2011). Personal Internet use at work: Understanding cyberslacking. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1751-1759. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.03.002

Vodanovich, S. J., & Watt, J. D. (2016). Self-report measures of boredom: An updated review of the literature. The Journal of Psychology, 150(2), 196-228. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2015.1074531

Wan, H. C., Downey, L. A., & Stough, C. (2014). Understanding non-work presenteeism: Relationships between emotional intelligence, boredom, procrastination and job stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 65, 86-90. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.018

Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 173-194. doi: 10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00045-1

Wykes, T., Stevens, W., & Everitt, B. (1997). Stress in community care teams: Will it affect the sustainability of community care? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32(7), 398-407. doi.: 10.1007/BF00788180

Young, E. (2010). Night thoughts (1742, May). In G. Gilfillan (Ed.), Young's night thoughts: With life, critical dissertation and explanatory notes. Ebook#33156, The Project Gutenberg. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/33156/33156-h/33156-h.htm