A theory of presenteeism beyond being sick and a measurement tool
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The first definition of presenteeism was limited to individuals who attended work despite being unwell. Over the past 15 years, other perspectives have expanded the concept to encompass any non-work-related factors influencing behavior during working hours. This research aims to redefine presenteeism within the context of healthcare workers' behaviors and contribute to the literature by introducing a measurement scale. The study involved 431 healthcare professionals across nine public and four private/foundation hospitals. Presenteeism was associated positively with burnout and negatively with happiness at work. Younger people showed higher levels of presenteeism compared to their older counterparts, as did those who worked nine hours or more per day. Although the scale was applied to healthcare professionals, its framework holds potential for use in other areas.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details
A RAE compromete-se a contribuir com a proteção dos direitos intelectuais do autor. Nesse sentido:
- adota a licença Creative Commoms BY (CC-BY) em todos os textos que publica, exceto quando houver indicação de específicos detentores dos direitos autorais e patrimoniais;
- adota software de detecção de similaridades;
- adota ações de combate ao plagio e má conduta ética, alinhada às diretrizes do Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
References
Baeriswyl, S., Krause, A., Elfering, A., & Berset, M. (2017). How workload and coworker support relate to emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of sickness presenteeism. International Journal of Stress Management, 24(Suppl 1), 52-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000018
Bamforth, K., Rae, P., Maben, J., Lloyd, H., & Pearce, S. (2023). Perceptions of healthcare professionals’ psychological wellbeing at work and the link to patients’ experiences of care: A scoping review. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances, 5, 100148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2023.100148
Block, G., Sternfeld, B., Block, C. H., Block, T. J., Norris, J., Hopkins, D., Quesenberry, C. P., Husson, G., & Clancy, H. A. (2008). Development of alive! (A lifestyle intervention via email), and its effect on health-related quality of life, presenteeism, and other behavioral outcomes: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10(4), e43. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1112
Borges, J., Laranjeira, C., Ramos, C. P., Alves, M., Marta, J., Ribeiro, R., & Gamito, A. (2023). Associated factors of presenteeism in a random sample of Portuguese nurses: A cross-sectional study Cerebellar dysfunction and autism spectrum disorders-what do we know? European Psychiatry. 66(S1), S239-S239. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.550
Bryan, M. L., Bryce, A. M., & Roberts, J. (2022). Dysfunctional presenteeism: Effects of physical and mental health on work performance. Manchester School, 90(4), 409-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/manc.12402
Chiu, S., Black, C. L., Yue, X., Greby, S. M., Laney, A. S., Campbell, A. P., & Perio, M. A. de. (2017). Working with influenza-like illness: Presenteeism among US health care personnel during the 2014-2015 influenza season. American Journal of Infection Control, 45(11), 1254-1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.04.008
Cho, Y.-S., Park, J. B., Lee, K.-J., Min, K.-B., & Baek, C.-I. (2016). The association between Korean workers’ presenteeism and psychosocial factors within workplaces. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 28(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0124-1
Collins, A., Medhekar, A., & Şanal, Z. G. (2022). A qualitative analysis of Turkish stakeholders perspective for improving medical tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 24(3), 487-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2516
Cooper, C. (1996, June 21). Hot under the collar. Times Higher Education Supplement, 12-16.
Cooper, C. L., & Lu, L. (2018). Introduction. In C. L. Cooper & L. Lu (Eds.), Presenteeism at Work (pp. 1-6). Cambridge University Press.
D’Abate, C. P., & Eddy, E. R. (2007). Engaging in personal business on the job: Extending the presenteeism construct. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18(3), 361-383. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1209
Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied nursing research, 5(4), 194-197.
Demerouti, E., Blanc, P. M. Le, Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hox, J. (2009). Present but sick: A three‐wave study on job demands, presenteeism and burnout. Career Development International, 14(1), 50-68. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910933574
Fernando, M., Caputi, P., & Ashbury, F. (2017). Evidence from a multinational firm in Sri Lanka. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(7), 691-696. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48501044
Ferreira, A. I., Ferreira, P. da C., Cooper, C. L., & Oliveira, D. (2019). How daily negative affect and emotional exhaustion correlates with work engagement and presenteeism-constrained productivity. International Journal of Stress Management, 26(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000114
Ferreira, A. I., & Martinez, L. F. (2012). Presenteeism and burnout among teachers in public and private Portuguese elementary schools. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(20), 4380-4390. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.667435
Gilbreath, B., & Karimi, L. (2012). Supervisor behavior and employee presenteeism. International Journal of leadership studies, 7(1), 114-131. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236946893
Gillet, N., Huyghebaert-Zouaghi, T., Réveillère, C., Colombat, P., & Fouquereau, E. (2020). The effects of job demands on nurses’ burnout and presenteeism through sleep quality and relaxation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(3/4), 583-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15116
Goetzel, R. Z., Long, S. R., Ozminkowski, R. J., Hawkins, K., Wang, S., & Lynch, W. (2004). Health, absence, disability, and presenteeism cost estimates of certain physical and mental health conditions affecting U.S. employers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(4), 398-412. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000121151.40413.bd
Güngör, N. B., Kurtipek, S., Soyer, F., İlhan, E. L., & Talaghir, L.-G. (2022). Examination of the effect of career barriers and presenteeism behaviors on teacher professionalism through structural equation model. Education Sciences, 12(12), 933. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120933
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Whitman, M. V., & Crawford, W. S. (2014). A dialectical theory of the decision to go to work: Bringing together absenteeism and presenteeism. Human Resource Management Review, 24(2), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2013.09.001
Ho, T. C. F., Ng, S.-M., Teo, P.-C., & Hee, O. C. (2022). Presenteeism in the workplace and the effect on employees’ well-being. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(6), 932-943. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i6/14041
Hurley, A. E., Scandura, T. A., Schriesheim, C. A., Brannick, M. T., Seers, A., Vandenberg, R. J., & Williams, L. J. (1997). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(6), 667-683. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3100253
Ishimaru, T., & Fujino, Y. (2021). Association between work style and presenteeism in the Japanese service sector. Journal of Occupational Health, 63(1), e12211. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12211
Jayaweera, J. M. A. N. K., & Dayarathna, N. W. K. D. K. (2019). Presenteeism and Its conceptualization: A literature review. Sri Lankan Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(2). https://journals.sjp.ac.lk/index.php/sljhrm/article/view/4420
Johansen, V., Aronsson, G., & Marklund, S. (2014). Positive and negative reasons for sickness presenteeism in Norway and Sweden: A cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open, 4(2), e004123. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004123
Johns, G. (2010). Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 519-542. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.630
Kaiser, C. P. (2018). Absenteeism, presenteeism, and workplace climate: A taxonomy of employee attendance behaviors. Econ Bus J Inquiries Perspect, 9, 69-86.
Kandemir, A., & Bayram, Ş. (2017). Determining the level and cost of sickness presenteeism among hospital staff in Turkey. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 23(4), 501-509. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016.1274159
Karimi, L., Cheng, C., Bartram, T., Leggat, S. G., & Sarkeshik, S. (2015). The effects of emotional intelligence and stress-related presenteeism on nurses’ well-being. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 53(3), 296-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12049
Kessler, R. C., Ames, M., Hymel, P. A., Loeppke, R., McKenas, D. K., Richling, D. E., Stang, P. E., & Ustun, T. B. (2004). Using the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) to evaluate the indirect workplace costs of illness. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(6), S23-S37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44996637
Kinman, G., & Clements, A. J. (2022). Sickness presenteeism in prison officers: Risk factors and implications for wellbeing and productivity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063389
Koopman, C., Pelletier, K. R., Murray, J. F., Sharda, C. E., Berger, M. L., Turpin, R. S., Hackleman, P., Gibson, P., Holmes, D. M., & Bendel, T. (2002). Stanford presenteeism scale: Health status and employee productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44(1), 14-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44995848
Krane, L., Larsen, E. L., Nielsen, C. V., Stapelfeldt, C. M., Johnsen, R., & Risør, M. B. (2014). Attitudes towards sickness absence and sickness presenteeism in health and care sectors in Norway and Denmark: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-880
Kun, A., & Gadanecz, P. (2022). Workplace happiness, well-being and their relationship with psychological capital: A study of Hungarian Teachers. Current Psychology, 41(1), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00550-0
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Leal, C. C., & Ferreira, A. I. (2021). In sickness and in health: The role of housework engagement in work productivity despite presenteeism. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24, e39. https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2021.37
Lee, K.-S., Lee, D.-W., Park, J., Kim, H.-Y., Yun, J.-Y., Hong, Y.-C., & Lee, N. (2022). Association between sickness presenteeism and depressive symptoms in Korean workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 319, 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.029
Lerner, D., Amick, B. C., Rogers, W. H., Malspeis, S., Bungay, K., & Cynn, D. (2001). The work limitations questionnaire. Medical Care, 39(1), 72-85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3767701
Lohaus, D., & Habermann, W. (2019). Presenteeism: A review and research directions. Human Resource Management Review, 29(1), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.02.010
Malach-Pines, A. (2005). The burnout measure, short version. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78
McGregor, A., & Caputi, P. (2022). Measuring presenteeism. In A. McGregor & P. Caputi (Eds.), Presenteeism behaviour: Current research, theory and future directions (pp. 25-50). Springer International Publishing.
McGregor, A., Magee, C. A., Caputi, P., & Iverson, D. (2016). A job demands-resources approach to presenteeism. Career Development International, 21(4), 402-418. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-01-2016-0002
Min, A., & Hong, H. C. (2023). The effects of job demand-control-support profiles on presenteeism: Evidence from the sixth Korean working condition survey. Safety and Health at Work, 14(1), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.12.001
Min, A., Kang, M., & Park, H. (2022). Global prevalence of presenteeism in the nursing workforce: A meta‐analysis of 28 studies from 14 countries. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(7), 2811-2824. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13688
Moan, I. S., & Halkjelsvik, T. (2021). Socio‐demographic differences in alcohol‐related work impairment. Addiction, 116(4), 771-779. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15202
Naid, P., & Asshidin, N. H. N. (2020). Examining the reasons of presenteeism among academic staffs: A focus group study. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 100, 374-381. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.12.05.39
Ollo-López, A., & Nuñez, I. (2023). Presenteeism as a moral hazard problem: Implications for the human resource management. Journal of Management & Organization, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2023.1
Orcan, F. (2018). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Which one to use first? Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 9(4), 414-421. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.394323
Ozduran, A., Saydam, M. B., Eluwole, K. K., & Mertens, E. U. (2023). Work-family conflict, subjective well-being, burnout, and their effects on presenteeism. The Service Industries Journal, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2023.2209507
Patel, C., Biron, M., Cooper, S. C., & Budhwar, P. S. (2023). Sick and working: Current challenges and emerging directions for future presenteeism research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(6), 839-852. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2727
Pförtner, T. K., & Demirer, I. (2023). To what extent do job insecurity, income satisfaction, and self-rated health mediate the association between low income and presenteeism in Germany? A gendered analysis. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 96, 999-1008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-023-01982-9
Pie, A. C. S., Fernandes, R. de C. P., Carvalho, F. M., & Porto, L. A. (2020). Fatores associados ao presenteísmo em trabalhadores da indústria. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional, 45. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6369000003118
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 29(5), 489-497. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20147
Rainbow, J. G., Gilbreath, B., & Steege, L. M. (2021). Risky business: A mediated model of antecedents and consequences of presenteeism in nursing. Nursing Research, 70(2), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000484
Ruhle, S. A., Breitsohl, H., Aboagye, E., Baba, V., Biron, C., Leal, C. C., Dietz, C., Ferreira, A. I., Gerich, J., Johns, G., Karanika-Murray, M., Lohaus, D., Løkke, A., Lopes, S. L., Martinez, L. F., Miraglia, M., Muschalla, B., Poethke, U., Sarwat, N., … Yang, T. (2020). “To work, or not to work, that is the question”: Recent trends and avenues for research on presenteeism. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(3), 344-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1704734
Sampat, B., & Basu, P. A. (2017). Cyberloafing: The di(sguised)gital way of loafing on the job. IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(1).
Sendén, M. G., Schenck-Gustafsson, K., & Fridner, A. (2016). Gender differences in reasons for sickness presenteeism: A study among GPs in a Swedish health care organization. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 28(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0136-x
Sever, M., Özdemir, S., & Acar, O. K. (2020). İşte mutluluk ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.577326
Shdaifat, E. A. (2022). Presenteeism and productivity loss among nurses. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 29(3), 1007-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2022.2108660
Singh, S., & Aggarwal, Y. (2018). Happiness at work scale: Construction and psychometric validation of a measure using mixed method approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(5), 1439-1463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9882-x
Siqueira, V. de B., Rocha, A. de S. L., Schwingel, P. A., & Carvalho, F. M. (2023). Prevalence of presenteeism in agricultural workers: systematic review. Workplace Health & Safety, 71(7), 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799231154281
Taherdoost, A. H., & Lumpur, K. (2016). Validity and reliability of the research instrument; How to test the validation of a questionnaire/survey in a research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 5(3). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3205040
Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., Abramowitz, J. S., Holaway, R. M., Sandin, B., Stewart, S. H., Coles, M., Eng, W., Daly, E. S., Arrindell, W. A., Bouvard, M., & Cardenas, S. J. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychological Assessment, 19(2), 176-188. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176
Tümkaya, S., Çavuşoğlu, İ., & Çam, S. (2009). Tükenmişlik ölçeği kısa versiyonu’nun türkçe’ye uyarlama geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Journal, 18(1), 387-398. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cusosbil/issue/4381/60117
Turkish Statistical Institute. (2023, September 23). Distribution of health personnel numbers by provinces. Https://Data.Tuik.Gov.Tr/Kategori/GetKategori?P=Saglik-ve-Sosyal-Koruma-101
Vänni, K., Neupane, S., & Nygård, C. H. (2017). An effort to assess the relation between productivity loss costs and presenteeism at work. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 23(1), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016.1197578
Wan, H. C., Downey, L. A., & Stough, C. (2014). Understanding non-work presenteeism: Relationships between emotional intelligence, boredom, procrastination and job stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 65, 86-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.018
Wang, M., Lu, C., & Lu, L. (2023). The positive potential of presenteeism: An exploration of how presenteeism leads to good performance evaluation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(6), 920-935. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2604
Weiner, B. J., Lewis, C. C., Stanick, C., Powell, B. J., Dorsey, C. N., Clary, A. S., Boynton, M. H., & Halko, H. (2017). Psychometric assessment of three newly developed implementation outcome measures. Implementation Science, 12(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0635-3
Won, Y., Kim, H. C., Kim, J., Kim, M., Yang, S. C., Park, S. G., & Leem, J. H. (2022). Impacts of presenteeism on work-related injury absence and disease absence. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e25
Yang, T., Liu, R., & Deng, J. (2021). Does co-worker presenteeism increase innovative behavior? Evidence from IT professionals under the 996 work regime in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 681505. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681505
