Non-frontline employees’ emotional behavior during crises: A comparison between essential and non-essential industries
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The development of organizational strategies to face crises should identify, analyze, and use employee emotions. This study provides a comparative perspective between the emotions of non-frontline employees in essential and non-essential companies during the early days of the
COVID-19 pandemic – an event that caused major organizational crises. Content analysis identified the same emotions in both industries, albeit to different extents. Employees in the essential industry expressed more interest, less sympathy, and less anxiety, which may have occurred due to a more significant sense of purpose and security in this industry. Hopefulness, gratitude, and love appeared similarly in both essential and non-essential industries. Work-related variables and demographics
have no significant contribution toward the prevalence of emotions. As a contribution, this study uncovered similarities and differences between industries, providing a relevant and profound understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic shaped the emotional state of non-frontline
employees.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details
A RAE compromete-se a contribuir com a proteção dos direitos intelectuais do autor. Nesse sentido:
- adota a licença Creative Commoms BY (CC-BY) em todos os textos que publica, exceto quando houver indicação de específicos detentores dos direitos autorais e patrimoniais;
- adota software de detecção de similaridades;
- adota ações de combate ao plagio e má conduta ética, alinhada às diretrizes do Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
References
Adolphs, R., & Andler, D. (2018). Investigating emotions as functional states distinct from feelings. Emotion Review, 10(3), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918765662
Aguinis, H., & Burgi-Tian, J. (2021). Talent management challenges during COVID-19 and beyond: Performance management to the rescue. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 24(3), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/23409444211009528
Amorim, W. A. C. D., Cruz, M. V. G. D., Sarsur, A. M., Fischer, A. L., Lima, A. Z., & Bafti, A. (2022). The intricate systemic relationships between the labor market, labor relations, and human resources management in a pandemic context. RAE-Revista de Administração de Empresas, 63(1), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020230103x
Antonacopoulou, E. P., & Georgiadou, A. (2021). Leading through social distancing: The future of work, corporations, and leadership from home. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(2), 749-767. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12533
Barsade, S., & O’Neill, O. A. (2016). Manage your emotional culture. Harvard Business Review, 94(1), 58-66. https://www.emcleaders.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Manage-Your-Emotional-Culture.pdf
Beetz, A. M., & Ozcelik, H. (2021). Essential but undervalued: Essentials are less engaged, prosocial, supportive, and more exhausted. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2021(1), 14116. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2021.14116abstract
Boyatzis, R. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development (illustrated). SAGE Publications.
Caligiuri, P., Cieri, H. De, Minbaeva, D., Verbeke, A., & Zimmermann, A. (2020). International HRM insights for navigating the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for future research and practice. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(5), 697-713. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00335-9
Carnevale, J., & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
Cénat, J. M., Noorishad, P. G., Blais-Rochette, C., McIntee, S. E., Mukunzi, J. N., Darius, W. P., Broussard, C., Morse, C., Ukwu, G., Auguste, E., & Menelas, K. (2020). Together for hope and resilience: A humanistic experience by the vulnerability, trauma, resilience and culture lab members during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(8), 643-648. http://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1774704
Chen, L., Guo, Y., Song, L. J., & Lyu, B. (2020). From errors to OCBs and creativity: A multilevel mediation mechanism of workplace gratitude. Current Psychology, 41, 6170-6184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01120-5
Clercq, D. De, & Pereira, R. (2023). Perceived organizational politics, organizational disidentification and counterproductive work behaviour: Moderating role of external crisis threats to work. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 1934-8835. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/IJOA-10-2022-3442
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.
Dumas, T. L., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2015). The professional, the personal, and the ideal worker: Pressures and objectives shaping the boundary between life domains. The Academy of Management Annals, 9(1), 803-843. http://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2015.1028810
Dupret, K., & Pultz, S. (2021). Hard/heart worker: Work intensification in purpose-driven organizations. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 16(3/4), 488-508. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-07-2020-1989
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Fuller, R. P., Rice, R. E., & Pyle, A. (2023). U.S. Nonprofit organizations respond to the covid-19 crisis: The influence of communication, crisis experiences, crisis management, and organizational characteristics. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642231155380
Gao, G., & Sai, L. (2020). Towards a ‘virtual world: Social isolation and struggles during the COVID‐19 pandemic as single women living alone. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(5), 754-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12468
Greenidge, D., & Coyne, I. (2014). Job stressors and voluntary work behaviours: Mediating effect of emotion and moderating roles of personality and emotional intelligence. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(4), 479-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12044
Hamouche, S. (2021). Human resource management and the COVID-19 crisis: Implications, challenges, opportunities, and future organizational directions. Journal of Management & Organization, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.15
He, H., Zhu, N., Lyu, B., & Zhai, S. (2023). Relationship between nurses’ psychological capital and satisfaction of elderly cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1121636
Hughes, E., & Donnelly, R. (2022). Theorising the impact of macroturbulence on work and HRM: COVID-19 and the abrupt shift to enforced homeworking. Human Resources Management Journal, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12465
Israelashvili, J. (2021). More positive emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with better resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(648112), 1-6. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648112
Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99(3), 561-565. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.561
Jin, Y., Pang, A., & Cameron, G. T. (2012). Toward a publics-driven, emotion-based conceptualization in crisis communication: Unearthing dominant emotions in multi-staged testing of the Integrated Crisis Mapping (ICM) Model. Journal of Public Relations Research, 24, 266-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2012.676747
Kim, H. K., & Niederdeppe, J. (2013). The role of emotional response during an H1N1 influenza pandemic on a college campus. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(1), 30-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.739100
Kirk, C. P., & Rifkin, L. S. (2020). I'll trade you diamonds for toilet paper: Consumer reacting, coping and adapting behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, 117, 124-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.028
Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y., . . . Vugt, M. V. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
Lazarus, R. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1-22. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245
Lloyd, S., Restubog, D., Ocampo, A., & Wang, L. (2020). Taking control amidst the chaos: Emotion regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103440
Madero, S., Ortiz, O., Ramírez, J., & Olivas-Luján, M. (2020). Stress and myths related to the COVID-19 pandemic´s effects on remote work, Management Research, Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 18(4), 401-420. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRJIAM-06-2020-1065
Martin, M. A., Lennon, R. P., Smith, R. A., Myrick, J. G., Small, M. L., Scoy, L. J. Van, & Data4Action Research Group. (2022). Essential and non-essential US workers’ health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventive Medicine Reports, 29, 101889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101889
Meister, J. C., & Brown, R. H. (2020, August 12). 21 HR jobs of the future. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/08/21-hr-jobs-of-the-future
Milburn, T. W., Schuler, R. S., & Watman, K. H. (1983). Organizational crisis – Part I: Definition and conceptualization. Human Relations, 36(12), 1141-1160. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678303601205
Nabi, R. L. (1999). A cognitive-functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall. Communication Theory, 9, 292-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00172.x
Nava, L. (2022). Rise from ashes: A dynamic framework of organizational learning and resilience in disaster response. Business and Society Review, 127(S1), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/basr.12261
Nezlek, J. B., Vansteelandt, K., Mechelen, I. V., & Kuppens, P. (2008). Appraisal-emotion relationship in daily life. Emotion, 8, 145-150. http://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.145
Noor, N. M., Yusof, R. Che, & Yacob, M. A. (2021). Anxiety in frontline and non-frontline healthcare providers in Kelantan, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030861
Ozcelik, H., & Barsade, S. G. (2018). No employee an island: Workplace loneliness and job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 61(6), 2343-2366. http://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.1066
Ozcelik, H., Beetz, A., & Barsade, S. (2020, August). Understanding an epidemic during a pandemic: A relook at work loneliness in time of COVID-19. In Academy of Management Conference (pp. 1-6). http://obcovid19files.s3.amazonaws.com/ozcelik.pdf
Pinnington, A., & Ayoko, O. (2021). Managing physical and virtual work environments during the COVID-19 pandemic: Improving employee well-being and achieving mutual gains. Journal of Management & Organization, 27(6), 993-1002. http://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2022.2
Platania, S., Gruttadauria, S. V., & Morando, M. (2022). Dispositional resilience as mediator in psychological stress on healthcare workers: A multi-group analysis of frontline and non-frontline workers. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(9), 1285-1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12090089
Psychogios, A., & Prouska, R. (2021). Managing people in small and medium enterprises in turbulent contexts. Routledge.
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
Restubog, S. L. D., Ocampo, A. C. G., & Wang, L. (2020). Taking control amidst the chaos: Emotion regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103440
Riggio, R. E., & Newstead, T. (2023). Crisis leadership. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10, 201-224. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-044838
Rivera-Prieto, J. C., Santana, M., & López-Cabrales, Á. (2022). Turnaround and human resource strategies during the COVID-19 crisis. BRQ Business Research Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/23409444221120053
Sommer, S. A., Howell, J. M., & Hadley, C. N. (2016). Keeping positive and building strength: The role of affect and team leadership in developing resilience during an organizational crisis. Group & Organization Management, 41(2), 172-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601115578027
Sorensen, J. L., Ranse, J., Gray, L., Khorram-Manesh, A., Goniewicz, K., & Hertelendy, A. J. (2022). Employees perception of organizational crises and their reactions to them: A Norwegian organizational case study. Frontier in Psychology, 13, 818422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.818422
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 269-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00049-9
Sullivan, D. M., & Bendell, B. L. (in press). Help: Lonely at work! Managerial interventions to combat employee loneliness. Business Horizons. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2023.01.001
Trumello, C., Bramanti, S. M., Ballarotto, G., Candelori, C., Cerniglia, L., Cimino, Crudele, M., Lombardi, L., Pignataro, S., Viceconti, M. L., & Babore, A. (2020). Psychological adjustment of healthcare workers in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences in stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, secondary trauma, and compassion between frontline and non-frontline professionals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8358. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228358
Vicario-Merino, Á., & Muñoz-Agustín, N. (2020). Analysis of the stress, anxiety and healthy habits in the Spanish Covid-19 confinement. Health Science Journal, 14(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.36648/1791-809X.14.2.707
Vozza, S. (2022, September 7). The rise of the Chief Remote Officer. SHRM Executive Network. https://www.shrm.org/executive/resources/articles/pages/chief-remote-officer-.aspx
Weiss, H. M. & Beal, D. J. (2005). Reflections on affective events theory. In N. M. Ashkanasy, W. J. Zerbe, & C. E. J. Härtel (Eds.), The effect of affect in organizational settings (Research on Emotion in Organizations, Vol. 1, pp. 1-21). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1746-9791(05)01101-6
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1-74. https://web.mit.edu/curhan/www/docs/Articles/15341_Readings/Affect/AffectiveEventsTheory_WeissCropanzano.pdf
Wu, Y. L., Shao, B., Newman, A., & Schwarz, G. (2021). Crisis leadership: A review and future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(6), 101518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518
Yin, R. K. (2017). Qualitative research from start to finish (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
