A segurança como fator-chave para a cidade inteligente, a confiança dos cidadãos e o uso de tecnologias
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
As cidades inteligentes vêm crescendo ao redor do mundo, impulsionadas por inovações tecnológicas. Com elas surgem diversas oportunidades, mas também novas ameaças a segurança e privacidade do usuário nessa realidade interconectada. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a percepção de segurança e confiança na tecnologia por parte dos cidadãos e como esta afeta a propensão ao seu uso e, consequentemente, a vida na cidade inteligente. Para tanto, conduziu-se um survey (n = 601), por meio do método PLS-SEM, para testar as hipóteses formuladas. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que o modelo proposto demonstra ser consistente. As relações “confiança e segurança subjetiva” e “segurança objetiva e privacidade de dados” obtiveram relações mais consistentes, assegurando a forte influência das barreiras “tangíveis” e “intangíveis” da percepção de segurança. Dessa forma, para obter e manter a confiança dos usuários, as instituições por trás da tecnologia precisam estar atentas a opinião deles e da sociedade, de forma a manter uma boa reputação para que possam, assim, perpetuar uma percepção positiva de segurança. Conclui-se, assim, que o conceito de segurança adquire uma nova dimensão no contexto da cidade inteligente por ser um componente crucial para toda a sua base e estar intimamente ligado a tecnologia, além de se apresentar como uma preocupação fundamental para os governos e as entidades que buscam implementar soluções e aplicações do conceito.
Downloads
Detalhes do artigo
A Revista de Administração Pública (RAP) compromete-se a contribuir com a proteção dos direitos intelectuais do autor. Nesse sentido:
- Adota a licença Creative Commoms BY (CC-BY) em todos os textos que publica, exceto quando houver indicação de específicos detentores dos direitos autorais e patrimoniais;
- Adota software de verificação de similaridade de conteúdo - plagiarismo (Crossref Similarity Check);
- Adota ações de combate ao plagio e má conduta ética, alinhada às diretrizes do Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Mais detalhes do Código de Ética adotado pela RAP podem ser visualizados em Normas Éticas e Código de Conduta.
Referências
Abu-Shanab, E. A. (2017). E-government familiarity influence on Jordanians’ perceptions. Telematics and Informatics, 34(1), 103-113. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.001
Adil, M., & Khan, M. K. (2021). Emerging IoT applications in sustainable smart cities for Covid-19: network security and data preservation challenges with future directions. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103311. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103311
Al-Sharafi, M. A., Arshah, R. A., Abo-Shanab, E. A., & Elayah, N. (2016). The effect of security and privacy perceptions on customers’ trust to accept internet banking services: An extension of TAM. Journal of Engineering and Applied sciences, 11(3), 545-552. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.36478/jeasci.2016.545.552
AlHogail, A. (2018). Improving IoT technology adoption through improving consumer trust. Technologies, 6(3), 64. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies6030064
Alraja, M. N., Farooque, M. M. J., & Khashab, B. (2019). The effect of security, privacy, familiarity, and trust on users’ attitudes toward the use of the IoT-based healthcare: the mediation role of risk perception. IEEE Access, 7, 111341-111354. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2904006
Bélanger, F., & Crossler, R. E. (2011). Privacy in the digital age: a review of information privacy research in information systems. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 1017-1041. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.2307/41409971
Benevolo, C., Dameri, R. P., & D’Auria, B. (2016). Smart mobility in smart city. In T. Torre, A. M. Braccini, & R. Spinelli (Eds.), Empowering organizations (Vol. 11, pp. 13-28). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
Berrone, P., & Ricart, J. E. (2020). IESE Cities in Motion Index 2020. Pamplona, España: IESE Business School University of Navarra. Recuperado de https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0542-E.pdf
Bhushan, B., Khamparia, A., Sagayam, K. M., Sharma, S. K., Ahad, M. A., & Debnath, N. C. (2020). Blockchain for smart cities: A review of architectures, integration trends and future research directions. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102360. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102360
Bibri, S. E. (2021). Data-driven smart sustainable cities of the future: an evidence synthesis approach to a comprehensive state-of the-art literature review. Sustainable Futures, 3, 1000047. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2021.100047
Boon-itt, S. (2019). Quality of health websites and their influence on perceived usefulness, trust and intention to use: an analysis from Thailand. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 8(1), 4. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-018-0100-9
Braun, T., Fung, B. C. M., Iqbal, F., & Shah, B. (2018). Security and privacy challenges in smart cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 39, 499-507. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.039
Câmara Municipal de São Paulo. (2019, julho 16). Regras para adequar São Paulo ao conceito de cidade inteligente são tema de projeto. Recuperado de https://www.saopaulo.sp.leg.br/blog/regras-para-adequar-sao-paulo-ao-conceito-de-cidade-inteligente-sao-tema-de-projeto/
Ceccato, V. (2013). Moving safely: crime and perceived safety in Stockholm’s subway stations. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Chang, S. E., Liu, A. Y., & Shen, W. C. (2017). User trust in social networking services: a comparison of Facebook and LinkedIn. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 207-217. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.013
Chang, Y., Wong, S. F., Libaque-Saenz, C. F., & Lee, H. (2018). The role of privacy policy on consumers’ perceived privacy. Government Information Quarterly, 35(3), 445-459. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.04.002
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (2a ed., pp. 295-336). London, UK: Psychology Press.
Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1999). Marketing research: methodological foundations (8a ed.). Orlando, FL: Dryden Press.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2a ed.). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Council of Europe. (2020). Right to privacy. Recuperado de https://www.coe.int/en/web/impact-convention-human-rights/right-to-privacy
Cui, F., Lin, D., & Qu, H. (2018). The impact of perceived security and consumer innovativeness on e-loyalty in online travel shopping. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(6), 819-834. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1422452
Cui, L., Xie, G., Qu, Y., Gao, L., & Yang, Y. (2018). Security and privacy in smart cities: challenges and opportunities. IEEE Access, 6, 46134-46145. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2853985
Cunha, M. A., Przeybilovicz, E., Macaya, J. F. M., & Burgos, F. (2016). Smart cities: transformação digital de cidades. São Paulo, SP: Fundação Getulio Vargas. Recuperado de http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18386
Duhamel, T, Langerak, F., & Schillewaert, N. (1998). Non-probability sampling for WWW surveys: a comparison of methods. International Journal of Market Research, 40(4), 1-13. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1177/147078539804000403
Eckhoff, D., & Wagner, I. (2018). Privacy in the smart city – applications, technologies, challenges, and solutions. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20(1), 489-516. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2017.2748998
Elmaghraby, A. S., & Losavio, M. M. (2014). Cyber security challenges in smart cities: safety, security and privacy. Journal of Advanced Research, 5(4), 491-497. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.006
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanović, N., & Meijers, E. (2007). Smart cities – ranking of European medium-sized cities. Vienna, Austria: Vienna University of Technology.
Gil-Garcia, J. R., Pardo, T. A., & Nam, T. (2015). What makes a city smart? Identifying core components and proposing an integrative and comprehensive conceptualization. Information Polity, 20(1), 61-87. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-150354
Grandhi, L. S., Grandhi, S., & Wibowo, S. (2021). A security – UTAUT framework for evaluating key security determinants in smart city adoption by the Australian city councils. In Proceedings of the 21º ACIS International Winter Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Habib, A., Alsmadi, D., & Prybutok, V. R. (2019). Factors that determine residents’ acceptance of smart city technologies. Behaviour & Information Technology, 39(6), 610-623. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1693629
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Haque, A. K. M., Brushan, B., & Dhiman, G. (2022). Conceptualizing smart city applications: requirements, architecture, security issues, and emerging trends. Expert Systems, 39(5), e12753. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.12753
Hansen, J. M., Saridakis, G., & Benson, V. (2018) Risk, trust, and the interaction of perceived ease of use and behavioral control in predicting consumers’ use of social media for transactions. Computers in Human Behavior, 80,197-206. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.010
Hasbini, M. A., Eldabi, T., & Aldallal, A. (2018). Investigating the information security management role in smart city organisations. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 14(1), 86-98. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-07-2017-0042
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135 Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2020). Security, privacy and risks within smart cities: literature review and development of a smart city interaction framework. Information Systems Frontiers, 24, 393-414. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10044-1
Javed, A. R., Shahzad, F., Rehman, S. U., Zikria, Y. B., Razzak, I., Jalil, Z., … Xu, G. (2022). Future smart cities: requirements, emerging technologies, applications, challenges, and future aspects. Cities, 129, 103794. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103794
Kasar, S., & Kshirsagar, M. (2021). Open challenges in smart cities: privacy and security. In S. C. Tamane, N. Dey, & A. E. Hassanien (Eds.), Security and privacy applications for smart city development (pp. 25-36). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
Kaushik, A. K., Agrawal, A. K., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Tourist behaviour towards self-service hotel technology adoption: trust and subjective norm as key antecedents. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 278-289. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.09.002
Lei nº 13.709, de 14 de agosto de 2018. (2018). Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais (LGPD). Brasília, DF: Presidência da República. Recuperado de https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2018/lei/l13709.htm
Malhotra, N. K. (2012). Pesquisa de marketing: uma orientação aplicada. Porto Alegre, RS: Bookman.
Meskaran, F., Ismail, Z., & Shanmugam, B. (2013). Online purchase intention: effects of trust and security perception. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(6), 307-315. Recuperado de http://www.ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2013/April/307-315.pdf
Mittendorf, C. (2016). What Trust means in the Sharing Economy: A provider perspective on Airbnb.com. In Proceedings of the 22º Americas Conference on Information Systems: Implications of Trust in Sharing Economy, San Diego, CA.
Mushtaq, H., Jingdong, Y., Ahmed, M., & Ali, M. (2019). Building usage attitude for mobile shopping applications: an emerging market perspective. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 5(6), 21-28. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.56.1003
Ortega, J. M. E., & Román, M. V. G. (2011). Explaining physicians’ acceptance of EHCR systems: an extension of TAM with trust and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 319-332. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.010
Oyewo, B., Vo, X. V., & Akinsanmi, T. (2020). Strategy-related factors moderating the fit between management accounting practice sophistication and organisational effectiveness: the global management accounting principles (GMAP) perspective. Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad, 50(2), 187-223. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2020.1774857
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
Projeto de lei 01-00830/2017. (2017). Dispõe sobre regras para Smart Cities (cidades inteligentes) e da outras providências. São Paulo, SP: Câmara Municipal de São Paulo. Recuperado de http://documentacao.saopaulo.sp.leg.br/iah/fulltext/projeto/PL0830-2017.pdf
Rao, P. M., & Deebak, B. D. (2022). Security and privacy issues in smart cities/industries: technologies, applications, and challenges. Journal of Ambiental Intelligence and Humanized Computing. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-022-03707-1
Ristvej, J., Lacinák, M., & Ondrejka, R. (2020). On smart city and safe city concepts. Mobile Networks and Applications, 25(3), 836-845. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-020-01524-4
Sepasgozar, S. M. E., Hawken, S., Sargolzaei, S., & Foroozanfa, M. (2019). Implementing citizen centric technology in developing smart cities: a model for predicting the acceptance of urban technologies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 105-116. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.012
Sookhak, M., Tang, H., He, Y., & Yu, F. R. (2019). Security and privacy of smart cities: a survey, research issues and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 21(2), 1718-1743. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2867288
Urban Systems. (2021). Ranking connected smart cities. São Paulo, SP: Autor. Recuperado de https://www.urbansystems.com.br
Urmetzer, F., & Walinski, I. (2014). User acceptance and mobile payment security. International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications, 6(2), 37-66. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.4018/ijesma.2014040104
Verma, P., & Sinha, N. (2018). Integrating perceived economic wellbeing to technology acceptance model: the case of mobile based agricultural extension service. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 126, 207-216. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.08.013
Yamato, N., Hamada, Y., Dustan, P., Jimbo, H., Ward, I., & Isogaya, H. (2021). Global Power City Index 2021. Minato-ku, Tokyo: The Mori Memorial Foundation. Recuperado de https://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/pdf/GPCI2021_summary.pdf
Yu, Z., Song, L., Jiang, L., & Sharafi, O. K. (2021). Systematic literature review on the security challenges of blockchain in IoT-based smart cities. Kybernetes, 51(1), 323-347. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1108/K-07-2020-0449
Zhang, K., Ni, J., Yang, K., Liang, X., Ren, J., & Shen, X. S. (2017). Security and privacy in smart city applications: challenges and solutions. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(1), 122-129. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600267CM