How did the UK government face the global COVID-19 pandemic?
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper aims to analyse the coordination and cooperation in Primary Health Care (PHC) measures adopted by the British government against the spread of the COVID-19. PHC is clearly part of the solution founded by governments across the world to fight against the spread of the virus. Data analysis was performed based on coordination, cooperation, and PHC literature crossed with documentary analysis of the situation reports released by the World Health Organisation and documents, guides, speeches and action plans on the official UK government website. The measures adopted by the United Kingdom were analysed in four periods, which helps to explain the courses of action during the pandemic: pre-first case (January 22- January 31, 2020), developing prevention measures (February 1 -February 29, 2020), first Action Plan (March 1- March 23, 2020) and lockdown (March 24-May 6, 2020). Despite the lack of consensus in essential matters such as Brexit, the nations in the United Kingdom are working together with a high level of cooperation and coordination in decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Downloads
Article Details
The Brazilian Journal of Public Administration (RAP) undertakes to contribute to the protection of authors’ intellectual rights. On this matter:
- It uses the Creative Commons BY (CC-BY) license for all texts it publishes, except when there is indication of specific holders of copyrights and property rights;
- It uses the similarity verification software of content - Plagiarism (Crossref Similarity Check);
- It takes actions to fight against plagiarism and ethical misconduct aligned with the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Further information on the Code of Ethics adopted by RAP can be found in Ethical Standards and Code of Conduct.
References
Aamodt, S. (2018). The Ability to Influence: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Advocacy Coalitions in Brazilian Climate Politics. Review of Policy Research, 35(3), 372-397. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12282
Baird, B., Charles, A., Honeyman, M., Maguire, D., & Das, P. (2016). Understanding pressures in general practice London, UK: King’s Fund.
Bostock, N. (2020, April 7). Just 2% of GPs feel fully protected against COVID-19, BMA poll shows. GP Magazine Retrieved from https://www.gponline.com/just-2-gps-feel-fully-protected-against-covid-19-bma-poll-shows/article/1679581
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., ... Yu, T. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513.
Egger, C. (2017). Just part-time lovers? Competition, coercive coordination, and friendship among international INGOs. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 30(4), 394-414. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2017.1422481
Department of Health and Social Care. (2020). Coronavirus: action plan. A guide to what you can expect across the UK Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/869827/Coronavirus_action_plan_-_a_guide_to_what_you_can_expect_across_the_UK.pdf
Fathalikhani, S., Hafezalkotob, A., & Soltani, R. (2020, March). Government intervention on cooperation, competition, and coopetition of humanitarian supply chains. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 69, 100715. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2019.05.006
Fletcher, E., Abel, G. A., Anderson, R., Richards, S. H., Salisbury, C., Gerard Dean, S., … Campbell, J. L. (2017). Quitting patient care and career break intentions among general practitioners in South West England: findings of a census survey of general practitioners BMJ Open, 7(4), e015853. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015853
Gänzle, S., Stead, D., Sielker, F., & Chilla, T. (2019). Macro-regional Strategies, Cohesion Policy and Regional Cooperation in the European Union: Towards a Research Agenda. Political Studies Review, 17(2), 161-174. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929918781982
Giljević, T., & Lalić Novak, G. (2018). Coordination Instruments in Croatian Integration Policy. Hrvatska i Komparativna Javna Uprava, 18(3), 373-396. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31297/hkju.18.3.1
Hämäläinen, R. M., Aro, A. R., Lau, C. J., Rus, D., Cori, L., & Syed, A. M. (2016). Cross-sector cooperation in health-enhancing physical activity policymaking: More potential than achievements? Health Research Policy and Systems, 14(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-016-0103-6
Horton, R. (2020, March 28). Offline: COVID-19 and the NHS - “a national scandal”.The Lancet,395(10229), 1022.
Johns Hopkins University. (2020). Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSEE) at Johns Hopkins University Retrieved from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Lavenex, S. (2009). Switzerland in the European research area: Integration without legislation. Swiss Political Science Review, 15(4), 629-651. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1662-6370.2009.tb00148.x
Lidén, G., Nyhlén, J., & Nyhlén, S. (2015). Forced cooperation from above: the case of Sweden’s establishment reform. Policy Studies, 36(5), 468-486. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2015.1089983
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020, April 03). COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing symptoms (including at the end of life) in the Community Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng163/resources/covid19-rapid-guideline-managing-symptoms-including-at-the-end-of-life-in-the-community-pdf-66141899069893
NHS England. (2016). General Practice Forward View Retrieved from https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gpfv.pdf
NHS Workforce Statistics. (2020, June 25). NHS Workforce March 2020 (FTE) Retrieved from https://files.digital.nhs.uk/F3/CC9E98/NHS%20Workforce%20Statistics%2C%20March%202020%20Bulletin.pdf
Phan, T. (2020, April). Novel coronavirus: From Discovery to clinical diagnostics. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 79, 104211.
Primary Care Workforce Commission. (2017). The future of primary care. Creating teams for tomorrow London, UK: Health Education England. Retrieved from https://www.hee.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/documents/WES_The-future-of-primary-care.pdf
Westerink, J., Jongeneel, R., Polman, N., Prager, K., Franks, J., Dupraz, P., … Mettepenningen, E. (2017, September). Collaborative governance arrangements to deliver spatially coordinated agri-environmental management. Land Use Policy, 69, 176-192. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.002
Woods, N. D., & Bowman, A. O. M. (2018). Collective Action and the Evolution of Intergovernmental Cooperation. Policy Studies Journal, 46(3), 487-509. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12241
World Health Organization. (2018). Declaration of Astana Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
World Health Organization. (2020, March 12). WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic