Concursos públicos: aquisição local de equipamentos de proteção individual no contexto de descentralização e elevada desigualdade socioeconômica
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Sob a influência do federalismo fiscal e das teorias de descentralização governamental, uma parte significativa dos sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo enfrentou a pandemia da COVID-19 depois de terem sido moldados ou remodelados por processos de transferência dos governos centrais para os governos locais. A aquisição de suprimentos essenciais é um dos componentes que operam de forma descentralizada, forçando os governos locais a competir entre si. Esta foi a origem do que foi chamado de “guerras de licitações” entre governos subnacionais no início da resposta à pandemia. Essas guerras levaram a políticas de centralização nos Estados Unidos, no Reino Unido e na União Europeia. No entanto, sabe-se menos sobre os casos do Sul Global. Ao analisar a aquisição de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) nos 320 municípios chilenos responsáveis pela saúde primária, esta pesquisa fornece evidências dos impactos da competição governamental horizontal na capacidade de adquirir suprimentos essenciais. No Chile, durante a resposta à pandemia de 2020, os municípios mais ricos conseguiram adquirir mais máscaras faciais por população, enquanto as economias de escala recompensaram compras maiores com preços mais baixos. Os autores apoiam a noção teórica de simultaneidade como um conceito que acrescenta nuances ao debate centralização-descentralização. No Chile, por exemplo, embora os testes e o acompanhamento exigissem a descentralização, as compras de EPI poderiam provavelmente ter beneficiado da centralização, a fim de evitar a reprodução de desigualdades territoriais.
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